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All of the customized informat and format definitions in this lesson thus far have been stored only temporarily. That is, the informats and formats are valid only for the duration of the SAS session in which they are defined. If you wanted to use the informats or formats again in a different SAS program, you would have to create them again using another FORMAT procedure. If you plan to use a customized informat or format repeatedly, you can store it permanently in a 'formats catalog' by using the LIBRARY= option in the PROC FORMAT statement. Basically, the LIBRARY= option tells SAS where the formats catalog is (to be) stored. You tell SAS the library (which again you can think of as a directory or location) by using a LIBNAME statement:
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where libref is technically a name of your choosing. Note though that when a user-defined informat or format is called by a DATA or PROC step, SAS first looks in a temporary catalog named work.formats. (Recall that 'work' is what SAS always treats as your temporary working library that goes away at the end of your SAS session.) If SAS does not find the format or informat in the temporary catalog, it then by default looks in a permanent catalog called library.formats. So, while, yes, libref is technically a name of your choosing, it behooves you to call it library since that what SAS looks for first. That's why SAS recommends, but does not require, that you use the word library as the libref when creating permanent formats.
Highlight your SAS University Edition virtual machine and select Settings. On the General tab, change the Version: to 64 bit OS. Click OK to apply these changes. Ensure that your Operating System: now says it's a 64 bit version. Now start your SAS University Edition virtual machine.
To make this blather a bit more concrete, suppose we have the following LIBNAME statement in our SAS program:
and have a format procedure that starts with:
Then, upon running the program, SAS creates a permanent catalog containing all of the formats and informats that are defined in the FORMAT procedure and stores it in the folder referenced above, as illustrated here:
A formats catalog, regardless of whether it is temporary (work.formats) or permanent (library.formats), contains one entry for each format or informat defined in a FORMAT procedure. Because library.formats is the reserved name for permanent formats catalogs, you can create only one catalog called formats per SAS library (directory). There are ways around this restriction, but let's not get into that now. Let's jump to an example instead.
Example 9.9 Section
The following SAS program illustrates a FORMAT procedure that creates a permanent formats catalog in the directory referenced by library, that is, in C:simonicdbdata:
Output Dataset: TEMP4
The CONTENTS Procedure
| Data Set name | WORK.TEMP4 | Observations | 10 |
| Member Type | DATA | Variables | 3 |
| Engine | V9 | Indexes | 0 |
| Created | Wed, Nov 05, 2008 12:05:29 PM | Observation Length | 24 |
| Last Modified | Wed, Nov 05, 2008 12:05:29 PM | Deleted Observations | 0 |
| Protection | Compressed | NO | |
| Data Set Type | Sorted | NO | |
| Label | |||
| Data Representation | WINDOWS_32 | ||
| Encoding | wlatin1 Western (Windows) |
Engine/Host Dependent Information
| Data Set Page Size | 4096 |
| Number of Data Set Pages | 1 |
| First Data Page | 1 |
| Max Obs per Page | 168 |
| Obs in First Data Page | 10 |
| Number of Data Set Repairs | 0 |
| File Name | C:DOCUME~1LAURAJ~1LOCALS~1TEMPSAS TEMPORARY FILES_TD3812temp4.sas7bdat |
| Release Created | 9.010M3 |
| Host Created | XP_PRO |
Alphabetic List of Variables and Attributes
| # | Variable | Type | Len | Format |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | race | Num | 8 | RACE2FMT. |
| 2 | sex | Num | 8 | SEX2FMT. |
| 1 | v_date | Num | 8 |
Output Dataset: TEMP4
| Obs | subj | sex | race |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 110051 | Female | White |
| 2 | 110088 | Female | White |
| 3 | 210012 | Female | White |
| 4 | 220004 | Female | White |
| 5 | 230006 | Female | White |
| 6 | 310083 | Male | Other |
| 7 | 410012 | Female | White |
| 8 | 420037 | Female | White |
| 9 | 510027 | Female | White |
| 10 | 520017 | Female | White |
The DATA step creates a temporary data set called temp4 by reading in the variables subj, sex, and race from the raw data file back.dat, and associates the variables sex and race, respectively, with the formats sex2fmt and race2fmt that are defined in the FORMAT procedure. SAS first looks for the occurrence of these two formats in the temporary catalog work.formats and then when it doesn't find them there, it looks for them in the catalog of the permanent format in the c:simonicdbdata directory.
Launch the SAS program, and edit the INFILE statement so it reflects the location of your back.dat file. And, edit the LIBNAME statement so it reflects your desired location for the catalog of the permanent format. Then, run the program and review the output from the CONTENTS and PRINT procedures to convince yourself that the variables sex and race are associated with the permanent formats sex2fmt and race2fmt, not the temporary formats sexfmt and racefmt previously associated with f_sex and f_race. Also, view the directory referenced in your LIBNAME statement to convince yourself that SAS created and stored a permanent formats catalog there.
Just a few more comments on this permanent formats stuff. One of the problems with permanent informats and formats is that once a variable has been associated permanently with an informat or format, SAS must be able to refer to the library to access the formats catalog. As long as the formats catalog exists, and you have permission to the file, you just have to specify the appropriate LIBNAME statement:
to access the catalog. If for some reason, you do not have access to the formats catalog, SAS will give you an error that looks something like this:
If you specify the NOFMTERR in the OPTIONS statement:
you can use the SAS data sets without getting errors. SAS will just display a note (not a program-halting error!) in the log file:
You will be able to run SAS programs that use the data sets containing the permanent formats. You will just not have access to the formats.
Example 9.10 Section
Rather than creating a permanent formats catalog, you can create a SAS program file which contains only a FORMAT procedure with the desired value and invalue statements. Then you need merely include this secondary program file in your main SAS program using the %INCLUDE statement, as illustrated here:
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Frequency Count of STATE (statefmt)
The FREQ Procedure
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| state | Frequency | Percent | Cumulative Frequency | Cumulative Percent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Missing | 2 | 20.00 | 2 | 20.00 |
| Ind | 1 | 10.00 | 3 | 30.00 |
| Mass | 1 | 10.00 | 4 | 40.00 |
| Mich | 2 | 20.00 | 6 | 60.00 |
| Minn | 1 | 10.00 | 7 | 70.00 |
| Other | 1 | 10.00 | 8 | 80.00 |
| Tenn | 1 | 10.00 | 9 | 90.00 |
| Wisc | 1 | 10.00 | 10 | 100.00 |
To make it clear, here's the only thing contained in the backfmt.sas file:
Since the FORMAT procedure in the backfmt.sas file does not refer to a permanent library, the format statefmt is stored in the temporary work.formats catalog.
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To run this program, first download and save the backfmt.sas file to a convenient location on your computer. Then, launch the SAS program and edit the %INCLUDE statement so it reflects the location of your backfmt.sas file. Finally, run the program and review the output from the FREQ procedure. Convince yourself that the format statement in the FREQ procedure appropriately associates the state variable with the statefmt format created by the FORMAT procedure in backfmt.sas. You may as well also take note of the effect of the MISSING option in the FREQ procedure. Basically, it tells SAS to include missing values as a countable category.
The technique illustrated in this example is particularly useful when you work in an open environment, in which data sets are shared. Different users may not have access to the format file, or different users may prefer different formats.